Ngiyaqonda isidingo esibalulekile sezingxenye ezinokwethenjelwa. Ungathola ezihambisanayoAmathrekhi Enjoloba Ye-Dumperitholakala kalula kuma-dumper akho e-Thwaites, Morooka, Yanmar, kanye ne-Wacker Neuson. Siqinisekisa ukuthi lawa mathrekhi ahlangabezana nemininingwane eqondile, enikeza isisekelo esiqinile sezidingo zemishini yakho. Lokhu kutholakala kusiza ukugcina ukuqhubeka kokusebenza ezindaweni zakho zomsebenzi.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Imizila yerabha esezingeni eliphezulu yenza ama-dumper asebenze kangcono. Ahlala isikhathi eside futhi onga imali.
• Kala ububanzi bethrekhi, iphimbo, kanye nenani lezixhumanisi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukulingana okufanele kwe-dumper yakho.
• Hlola imizila nsuku zonke futhi uyigcine ihlanzekile. Lokhu kuyasiza ukuthi ihlale isikhathi eside futhi isebenze ngokuphephile.

Ukuqonda Amathrekhi Enjoloba Ye-Dumper

Yini Echaza IkhwalithiAmathrekhi Enjoloba Ye-Dumper?

Uma ngibheka ukuthi yini eyenza ithrekhi yerabha ye-dumper ibe sezingeni eliphezulu ngempela, ngicabanga ngezinto eziningana ezibalulekile. Kuqala ngokwakheka kwezinto. Izinhlanganisela zerabha zekhwalithi ephezulu kanye ne-carcass ewugqinsi kubalulekile empilweni yenkonzo ephezulu kanye nokuqina okubikezelwayo. Ngiyazi ukuthi lezi zindlela zakhiwe ngama-compound zerabha aqinile, avame ukuqiniswa ngezintambo zensimbi noma imicu. Ukusebenzisa irabha engaphinde isetshenziswe kubalulekile; kuqinisekisa izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zezinto ezisetshenzisiwe, ngokungafani nezinketho eziphinde zasetshenziswa ezinokumelana okuncishisiwe kokuguguleka. Abakhiqizi bafaka futhi izithasiselo ezikhethekile ezifana namakhemikhali alwa ne-ozone kanye namakhemikhali alwa nokuguga, ama-coupling agents akhethekile, kanye nezithasiselo zokusebenza okuphezulu. Ezinye izindlela zokwenza izinto zifaka izithako zamakhemikhali ezingaphezu kuka-30 ezahlukene, ezingaphezu kakhulu kwezimbangi, ukuze kulungiswe irabha ukuze isebenze kahle. Izingxube zekhwalithi ephezulu nazo zinezintambo zensimbi noma izendlalelo zendwangu ukuze kuqiniswe amandla, kuvinjelwe ukuhlukana, kanye nephimbo kanye nephrofayili eklanywe kahle ukuze kuncishiswe umsindo nokudlidliza.

Kungani Kufanele Ukhethe Imizila Yokulahla Inkunkuma Yenjoloba Kunensimbi?

Ngivame ukuncoma imizila yerabha ngaphezu kwensimbi ngezizathu eziningana ezizwakalayo. Imikhondo yerabha inikeza ukuntanta okuhle kakhulu kanye nokubambelela emhlabathini othambile, amazinga aphezulu, kanye nezimo ezishelelayo. Ukucindezela kwabo okuphansi komhlaba kubenza bafaneleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezibucayi njengezindawo ezimanzi noma izindawo ezihlotshiswe kahle, kunciphisa umonakalo. Banikeza ukubamba okungcono kakhulu odakeni, eqhweni, nasezindaweni eziqongile, okuvumela ukuguquguquka kwendawo yonke kanye nomsebenzi wonyaka wonke ezindaweni eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imizila yerabha iyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuwela izindawo eziqinile njengemigwaqo noma izindlela zokuhamba ngezinyawo, lapho imizila yensimbi ingadala umonakalo omkhulu. Inzuzo ephawulekayo engiyibonayo ukwehla okukhulu komsindo; imizila yerabha ye-dumper inganciphisa umsindo ngo-20% uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhondo yensimbi, okufaka isandla endaweni yokusebenza ethule futhi evumelana kakhulu.

Ukuhambisana Kwethrekhi Yenjoloba Yama-Dumper Kuzo Zonke Izinhlobo

Ngiyazi ukuthi nakuba abakhiqizi abaningi be-dumper bekhona, izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuhambisana kwethrekhi zivame ukuhlala zifana. Ukuqonda lezi zici ezithile zomkhiqizo kungisiza ukuthi ngikuqondise ekukhetheni ithrekhi engcono kakhulu yemishini yakho.

AmaThwaiteAmathrekhi Okulahla ImfucuzaIzinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

Uma ngibheka ama-dumper e-Thwaites, ngibona imishini eqinile eyenzelwe izindawo zokwakha ezidinga amandla. Kuma-Thwaites Dumper Rubber Tracks, ngibeka phambili ukuqina nokubamba. Le mishini ivame ukusebenza emhlabathini ongalingani, ngakho-ke iphethini ye-lug yethrekhi kanye namandla e-carcass kubalulekile. Ngibheka imodeli ethile kanye nezimo zayo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile. Isibonelo, ithrekhi eyenzelwe umsebenzi osindayo izohluka kuleyo esetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabathini othambile. Ngihlala ngiqinisekisa ukuthi ubukhulu bethrekhi buhambisana ncamashi nemininingwane ye-dumper ngaphansi kwenqola ukuqinisekisa ukulingana nokusebenza kahle.

Amathrekhi Enjoloba E-Morooka Dumper: Ukukhulisa Ukusebenza

Ama-dumper eMorooka afana nekhono elinzima, elisebenza kuzo zonke izindawo. Uma ngikhetha ama-Morooka Dumper Rubber Tracks, ngigxila kakhulu ekukhuliseni ukusebenza kwawo okumangalisayo kakade. Lawa ma-track adinga ukumelana nemithwalo emikhulu futhi anikeze ukuntanta nokubamba okuphezulu ezindaweni ezinzima njengodaka, isihlabathi, noma izindawo eziqongweni eziphakeme. Ngivame ukufuna ama-track anephethini yokunyathela ejulile, enamandla kanye nezakhiwo zangaphakathi eziqinisiwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-track angakwazi ukuphatha amandla okukhipha imishini yeMorooka futhi agcine ukuzinza nokubambelela ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu, okubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwawo okukhethekile.

Amathrekhi Enjoloba E-Yanmar Dumper: Ukunemba Nokuthembeka

Ama-dumper e-Yanmar aziwa ngobukhulu bawo obuncane, ukunemba, kanye nokuthembeka okungantengantengi. Kuma-Yanmar Dumper Rubber Tracks, ngigcizelela ama-track anikeza ukusebenza okubushelelezi kanye nokusebenza okuqhubekayo. Le mishini ivame ukusebenza ezindaweni eziqinile lapho ukukwazi ukuqondisa kubalulekile khona. Ngifuna ama-track anciphisa ukudlidliza futhi anikeze ukubamba okuhle kakhulu ngaphandle kokubangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu komhlaba. Ikhwalithi yenhlanganisela yerabha kanye nobuqotho bezintambo zensimbi zangaphakathi kubaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-track anegalelo ekuthembekeni komshini kanye nokulawula okunembile, engikuthola kubalulekile emishinini ye-Yanmar.

I-Wacker NeusonAmathrekhi Enjoloba Ye-Dumper: Ukuguquguquka kusayithi

Ama-dumper e-Wacker Neuson anikeza ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo, avumelana nemisebenzi ehlukahlukene kanye nezindawo endaweni yomsebenzi. Uma ngikhetha ama-Wacker Neuson Dumper Rubber Tracks, ngicabanga ngalokhu kuvumelana nezimo. Ama-track adinga ukusebenza kahle ezindaweni ezahlukene, kusukela kukhonkolo kuya enhlabathini ethambile. Ngivame ukuncoma ama-track alinganisela phakathi kokubambelela okunamandla kanye nomonakalo omncane womphezulu. Lokhu kuguquguquka kusho ukuthi ama-track kumele aqine ngokwanele ezimweni ezinzima kodwa futhi abe mnene ngokwanele ezindaweni eziqediwe. Ngiyaqinisekisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwethrekhi kusekela ikhono le-dumper lokushintshela kahle phakathi kwezindawo ezahlukene zomsebenzi.

Izimiso Zomhlaba Wonke Zokuhambisana Kwethrekhi Yenjoloba Ye-Dumper

Ngithola ukuthi naphezu kokwehluka komkhiqizo, amazinga okulinganisa ajwayelekile alawula ukuhambisana kwe-Dumper Rubber Tracks. Uma nginquma ukuthi ithrekhi ifanelana nomshini, ngithembela ezilinganisweni ezintathu ezibalulekile. Ngemishini yokwakha emincane, kufaka phakathi ama-dumper, ngilinganisa ububanzi bethrekhi, ngokuvamile ngamamilimitha. Ngilinganisa nebanga eliphakathi nendawo phakathi kwezixhumanisi ezimbili zokushayela, ezaziwa ngokuthi i-pitch. Ekugcineni, ngibala inani eliphelele lezixhumanisi zokushayela ezikhona kuthrekhi.

Ifomula ejwayelekile embonini yokulinganisa usayizi wethrekhi yerabha, esebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezahlukene ukuze ivumelane, ilula:

• Ububanzi (mm): Lona ububanzi bethrekhi iyonke.
• Iphimbo (mm): Lokhu kubhekisela ebangeni eliphakathi kwezindawo ezimaphakathi zama-drive lugs alandelanayo.
• Izixhumanisi (#): Lokhu inani eliphelele lamazinyo angaphakathi noma izixhumanisi ezisebenzisana ne-sprocket yomshini.

Lezi zindinganiso ezintathu—ububanzi, iphimbo, kanye nenani lezixhumanisi—zibalulekile. Zakha isisekelo sokunquma ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini ithrekhi yerabha ezolingana kahle nemodeli ethile ye-dumper, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umenzi wayo ungubani. Ngihlala ngiqinisekisa lezi zilinganiso ukuqinisekisa ukulingana okuphelele kanye nokusebenza kahle komshini.

Izinzuzo Zekhwalithi EphezuluAmathrekhi enjoloba e-dumper

Ukusebenza Okuthuthukisiwe Nokusebenza Kahle

Ngithola ukuthi imigqa yerabha ye-dumper esezingeni eliphezulu ithuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle komshini. Inikeza ukubamba nokuqina okuphezulu, okuvumela ama-dumper ukuthi asebenze kahle ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Lokhu kusho ukushelela okuncane kanye nokulethwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo. Ngiyabona ukuthi izindlela ezibalulekile zokusebenza zibonisa kanjani lokhu kusebenza kahle okuthuthukisiwe:

Ukumelana okuphansi kokugingqika kuchaza ngqo ukonga uphethiloli. Izinkampani zokwakha zaseJapan zibika ukuthuthuka kokusebenza kahle okungu-22% emisebenzini yokuthutha umhlaba kusetshenziswa ama-dumper enjoloba alandelelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Le mishini iphinde yehlise ingcindezi yomhlabathi ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-60%.

Isikhathi Sokuphila Esandisiwe kanye Nesikhathi Sokuphumula Esincishisiwe

Ukutshala imali emigwaqweni yerabha ye-dumper esezingeni eliphezulu kwandisa isikhathi sayo sokusebenza kakhulu. Lokhu kunciphisa ngqo isikhathi sokungasebenzi sokushintsha ithrekhi. Imigwaqo yerabha ye-dumper esezingeni eliphezulu icishe iphindwe kabili isikhathi sokusebenza uma kuqhathaniswa nemigwaqo ejwayelekile.

Imiklamo yemizila ethuthukisiwe yandisa impilo yemizila ngo-140% kanye nezindleko zokulungisa eziphansi. Iphinde inikeze ukubamba okufika ku-60% okwengeziwe ngenxa yemiklamo yemizila ekhethekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abaqhubi bathola izinsuku eziningi ezisebenzayo isizini ngayinye, okwandisa umkhiqizo.

Izinzuzo Zokunethezeka Nokuphepha Komqhubi

Imizila yerabha esezingeni eliphezulu ithuthukisa kakhulu induduzo nokuphepha komqhubi. Imunca ukushaqeka okuvela ezindaweni ezimagebhugebhu, inciphise ukudlidliza kanye nokudlidliza. Lokhu kudala ukuhamba okubushelelezi.

Abaqhubi bavame ukuthi imigqa yerabha ibasiza ukuba bashelele kahle ezindaweni ezinzima, okwenza wonke umsebenzi ube lula futhi ukhululeke kakhudlwana.

Ukuhlolwa kwelabhorethri kubonisa ukuthi izingxenye zethrekhi ezisekelwe enjolobeni zinikeza ukumuncwa okungcono kakhulu kokushaqeka kunethrekhi yensimbi yendabuko. Izifundo zomthelela wesando sokuwa kwembula ukuthi ukufakwa kwerabha kunganciphisa ukusheshisa okuqondile ngaphezu kuka-60%. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukudlidliza okuncane okufinyelela kumqhubi. Ithrekhi yerabha nayo inciphisa umsindo, idale indawo yokusebenza ethule. Inganciphisa umsindo ofinyelela ku-18.6 dB uma kuqhathaniswa nethrekhi yendabuko. Lokhu kunciphisa ukukhathala komqhubi.

Imizila esezingeni eliphezulu nayo ithuthukisa ukuphepha. Inikeza ukubamba okuphezulu kanye nokuqina ezindaweni ezinzima. Lokhu kuvimbela ukushelela futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokubhajwa. Ukuhlolwa kokuqina kubonise izinga lokugoba eliphansi ngo-15% uma kuqhathaniswa nemizila yensimbi yendabuko. Lokhu kuyenza ibe ukukhetha okuphephile, ikakhulukazi emhlabathini ongalingani kanye nemithambeka emide.

Ukukhetha OkufaneleAmathrekhi Enjoloba Ye-Dumper

Izici Ezibalulekile Zokukhetha Amathrekhi Enjoloba Ye-Dumper

Uma ngikhetha i-Dumper Rubber Tracks, ngicabanga ngezinto eziningana ezibalulekile. Indawo lapho i-dumper isebenza khona idlala indima ebalulekile. Isibonelo, isimo sezulu sasebusika sidinga imiklamo ethile yokunyathela. Ngifuna imigwaqo enemiphetho eminingi ukuze ngikwazi ukudonsa iqhwa neqhwa. Umklamo ozihlanza nawo ubalulekile. Lokhu kuvimbela iqhwa ekugcwaliseni izikhala, okungaholela ekulahlekelweni komkhiqizo, ubunzima bokushayela, kanye nezingozi zokuphepha.

Imfucumfucu yendawo yokusebenza ingenye into ebalulekile okufanele icatshangelwe. Izinto ezifana nokhuni olulahliwe, amabhlogo e-cinder, izitini, amatshe, kanye ne-rebar kungabangela umonakalo womthelela kanye nokwehluleka komzila. Ukungena kwemfucumfucu phakathi kwe-undercarriage kanye nemizila kungaholela emonakalweni omkhulu. Ngihlala ngincoma ukususa imfucumfucu enjalo endaweni yokusebenza. Lokhu kwandisa kakhulu impilo yomzila.

Isimo sezulu sithinta nokukhethwa kwami ​​​​kwethrekhi. Ezimweni ezivame ukuna imvula, ithrekhi ye-C-pattern ifanelekile. Ngeqhwa neqhwa, ngithola ithrekhi ye-TDF (Technology Design Formulation) ifaneleka kakhulu. Ibamba kahle izindawo ezineqhwa nezibandayo ngaphandle kokumba, ivimbela ukushelela futhi isize ukushayela.

Izimo zomhlabathi kanye nomhlabathi zibaluleke ngokulinganayo. Ngomhlabathi othambile, ngincoma imizila ebanzi. Basabalalisa isisindo semishini, banciphise ukuphazamiseka, futhi bavikele indawo. Kumatshe ayigugu, isihlabathi, uthuli oluqinile, noma utshani, amaphethini okunyathela e-hex anikeza ukuqina nokuguquguquka. Anikeza ukuhamba okunethezekile futhi ashiya izimpawu ezincane otshanini nasezindaweni ezinotshani. Kodwa-ke, ngincoma ukuthi uwagweme ezimweni ezimanzi kakhulu.

Amathrekhi enjoloba e-OEM vs. Aftermarket Dumper

Ngivame ukulinganisa izinketho phakathi kwe-OEM (Umkhiqizi Wemishini Yokuqala) kanyeAmathrekhi Enjoloba E-Dumper Asemakethe Yangemuva. Amathrekhi e-OEM avela ngqo kumkhiqizi we-dumper. Aqinisekisa ukulingana okuphelele futhi avame ukufanelana nemininingwane yokuqala. Ngiyazi ukuthi ahlangana kahle nomklamo womshini.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amathrekhi e-Aftermarket avela kubakhiqizi abazimele. Anganikeza ukonga okukhulu kwezindleko. Ngithola izinketho eziningi ze-aftermarket zinikeza ikhwalithi nokusebenza okufanayo namathrekhi e-OEM. Kodwa-ke, ngihlala ngiluleka ngocwaningo olucophelelayo. Ngifuna abahlinzeki be-aftermarket abadumile abasebenzisa izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza. Ngezinye izikhathi, amathrekhi e-aftermarket anikeza ngisho nemiklamo ekhethekile noma ama-compounds angafanelana kangcono nezimo ezithile zokusebenza kunezinketho ze-OEM. Isihluthulelo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ithrekhi ye-aftermarket ihlangabezana noma idlula imininingwane yokuqala yokuqina nokusebenza.

Lapho Ungazithola Khona Izingoma Zenjoloba Ezithembekile Ze-Dumper

Ukuthola ama-Dumper Rubber Tracks athembekile kubalulekile ukuze i-dumper yakho ihlale isikhathi eside futhi isebenze kahle. Ngihlala ngiqala ngokufuna abahlinzeki abanomlando oqinisekisiwe. Abathengisi abangochwepheshe bezingxenye zemishini esindayo bayinsiza enhle. Bavame ukuba nempahla eningi kanye namanani ancintisanayo. Ngiphinde ngibuze nabathengisi bemishini esindayo bendawo. Banganikeza iseluleko sochwepheshe futhi bavame ukugcina ama-dumper model avamile.

Uma ngihlola abahlinzeki, ngibeka phambili labo abanikeza imininingwane ecacile yomkhiqizo kanye nokusekelwa kwamakhasimende. Ngifuna nezitifiketi. Abahlinzeki bezindlela zerabha ze-dumper abathembekile kufanele babe nesitifiketi se-ISO9001. Leli zinga libonisa ukuzibophezela ekuphathweni kwekhwalithi. Lingiqinisekisa ukuthi umhlinzeki ulandela izinqubo eziqinile ekukhiqizeni nasekulawuleni ikhwalithi. Lesi sitifiketi sishiwo ngokucacile maqondana nezindlela zerabha ze-dumper ezishintshayo, sigqamisa ukubaluleka kwaso njengesilinganiso sokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi. Ngikholwa ukuthi ukukhetha umhlinzeki onalesi sitifiketi kukunika ukuzethemba ngekhwalithi nokuthembeka komkhiqizo.

Ukugcina Amathrekhi Akho Enjoloba Ye-Dumper

Ukuhlolwa Kwansuku Zonke Nokuhlolwa Okuvamile

Ngihlala ngincoma ukuhlolwa kwansuku zonke kwemizila yakho yerabha ye-dumper. Lokhu kusiza ekuboneni ukuguguleka nomonakalo kusenesikhathi. Ngibheka ukusikeka, imifantu, kanye nezintambo eziveziwe. Ngibheka futhi noma yikuphi ukunyakaza kwezinsimbi eziveziwe. Kubalulekile ukuhlanza ithrekhi kanye nengaphansi kwemoto nsuku zonke. Lokhu kususa udoti. Uma ngibona izintambo eziveziwe, ngizisika ngezinsimbi zokusika ucingo. Ngihlola futhi izinsimbi eziveziwe ngaphandle kwezintambo zokuqondisa. Lokhu kubonisa umonakalo omkhulu. Ngihlola amaphedi agugile, amabhawodi axegayo, kanye nokuguguleka okungalingani ezingxenyeni. Ngibheka futhi noma yikuphi ukuvuza kwamafutha.

Ukucindezeleka Okufanele Kwamathrekhi Enjoloba Ye-Dumper

Ngiyazi ukuthi ukucindezeleka kwethrekhi efanele kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-dumper. Kuphinde kwandise isikhathi sokuphila kwethrekhi. Ukucindezeleka okungalungile kuholela ekugugeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Kubangela ukusebenza okungaguquki futhi kungaholela nasekuhlulekeni kwethrekhi. Imizila exegayo ingabangela ukuphuka kwe-obliger. Kungaholela nasekungadli kahle. Lokhu kugcizelela i-undercarriage. Imizila eqine kakhulu yandisa ukucindezeleka komshini. Idla uphethiloli omningi. Iphinde ibeke engcupheni yokwehluleka kwama-bearing. Ukucindezeleka okufanele kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle. Kwandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwethrekhi.

Imikhuba Yokusebenza Yokwandisa Impilo Yezinqola Zenjoloba Ze-Dumper

Ngiyeluleka ukuthi usebenzise imikhuba ethile yokusebenza ukuze wandise impilo yendlela yerabha ye-dumper. Ngihlala ngijika kancane kancane noma ngamaphuzu amathathu. Ngigwema ukujikeleza okuphikisanayo. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuguguleka okungadingekile nokungalingani ezitimeleni. Ngishayela kancane. Angijiki ngokujikijela lapho ngisebenza endaweni ethambekile. Ngigwema nokushayela eduze noma ngaphezulu kwemingcele. Izindawo eziqinile zingaqhekeka futhi ziklebhule imizila yerabha. Ngigwema ukujika okuqinile kanye nokujikeleza. Lokhu kuhamba kubangela ukuguguleka okukhulu ezingxenyeni zemoto engaphansi kwenqola.

Ngikholwa ukuthi ukuvula amandla aphelele e-dumper yakho kuqala nge-Dumper Rubber Tracks efanele. Ukuzikhetha nokuzigcina kahle kubalulekile. Ukuqonda ukuhambisana, ukuqaphela izinzuzo zazo, nokwenza ukulungiswa okufanele yizinyathelo ezibalulekile. Lezi zenzo ziqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuqina okuhlala isikhathi eside kwemishini yakho.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Kuze kube niniamathrekhi e-dumperngokuvamile ihlala isikhathi eside?

Ngithola ukuthi amathrekhi ajwayelekile ahlala amahora angu-500-800. Amathrekhi e-premium angadlula amahora ayi-1,000-1,500. Lokhu kuncike ekusetshenzisweni nasekugcinweni kwawo.

Kungani kufanele ngikhethe imigqa yerabha esikhundleni semigqa yensimbi ye-dumper yami?

Ngincoma imigqa yerabha ukuze kungabi nomonakalo omkhulu emhlabathini, umsindo ophansi, kanye nokubamba okungcono ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Futhi inikeza ukuhamba okubushelelezi.

Ngingaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi ngithenga imigqa yerabha efanele ye-dumper yami?

Ngihlala ngilinganisa izinto ezintathu: ububanzi bethrekhi, iphimbo (ibanga phakathi kwama-drive lugs), kanye nenani eliphelele lezixhumanisi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukulingana okuphelele.

UYvonne

Umphathi wezentengiso

Okhethekile embonini yethrekhi yerabha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15.

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